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Sayurusara 2020 JUNE 13
Zarqawi was brash, abrasive and from a poor central leadership he focused on developing the
background, whereas Bin Laden was from a infrastructure necessary to enforce sharia law
wealthy background and did not feel the need to as a state. Zarqawi was killed by a United States
always be on the front lines. airstrike in 2006.After the death of Zarqawi, AQI
was led by Abu Ayyub Al-Masri and then by Abu
After the 2003 invasion of Iraq by the Omar al-Baghdadi. The two were killed by a tank
United States, Zarqawi became prominent in shell in 2010.
the insurgency against American forces there.
In particular he was known for his ferocity and However in 2006, the group changed its
personal brutality as well as for his battlefield name to the Islamic State in Iraq (ISI), signaling its
successes. His personal hatred for Shiites is well intention to focus on conquering Iraqi territory as
documented and remains an integral part of a means of creating a sharia-based state there. The
Islamic State ideology. Among JTWJ’s high profile group concentrated its efforts on gaining territory
terrorist attacks were an August 2003 attack in the desert region of Anbar province, where
on the UN Compound in Baghdad that killed discontent among the Sunni population was rife.
22, including UN Special Representative Sergio However their brutal attempts to enforce sharia
Vieira de Mello, then considered the most likely law turned the local population against them.
successor to UN Secretary General Kofi Annan. Supported by American forces, tribal militias
In February 2004 the group killed 150 people in called Sahwat al-Anbar (Anbar Awakening), or
simultaneous attacks in Baghdad and the Shiite alternatively Abna al-Iraq (Sons of Iraq), pushed
holy city of Karbala during the Ashura festival. ISI out of Fallujah and the rest of Anbar in bloody
Zarqawi was also known for personally carrying fighting. Founded in 2005, Sahwat al-Anbar
out beheadings, such as those of hostages Eugene supported the American troop surge of 2007 and
Armstrong (American), Jack Hensley (American) were able to all but defeat ISI. Following victory,
and Kenneth Bigley (British) in September 2004. they were not integrated into the Iraqi military by
the Shiite Prime Minister NourialMaliki, instead
In 2004 JTWJ formally became an Al- being targeted as a potential threat to Shiite
Qaeda affiliate when Zarqawi performed bay’ah, majority rule.
the oath of fealty, to Bin Laden. The group
changed its name to Al-Qaeda in the Land of Many of them have now joined the Islamic
the Two Rivers (the Tigris and the Euphrates). StateIn 2010, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi took over
It was more commonly known as AlQaeda in ISI after the deaths of al-Masri and the previous
Iraq, or AQI. Al-Qaeda in Iraq built up its own al-Baghdadi. He was able to rebuild some of
network of supporters and fighters during the the popular support that had been lost under
Iraq insurgency. the group’s two earlier leaders. He also began
to develop the organization’strength and stage
Although it was technically subordinate a comeback with his expansion into the Syrian
toAl-Qaedacentral,inpracticeitwasautonomous Civil War in 2013, renaming the organization the
and able to develop its own ultraviolent brand Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (or the Islamic State
of jihad. This created a generational difference in Iraq and Levant – ISIL). Baghdadi’s decision
between jihadists more aligned with Osama Bin to move into Syria provoked friction with Al-
Laden who fought in Afghanistan and those who Qaeda’s official affiliate in Syria, Jabhat Al-Nusra.
fought with Zarqawi in Iraq, such as current Baghdadi attempted to take overJabhat Al-Nusra,
Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. prompting rebuke from Nusra’s leader and Al-
Qaeda central command. After multiple failed
In 2006, Zarqawi subsumed several attempts at mediation by various leading sheikhs
smaller Iraqi jihadi factions under AQI leadership in the global jihadist community, the two groups
under the banner of MajlisShura al-Mujahedin split permanently when the leader of AlQaeda
(MSM). Under the guidance of Al-Qaeda’s central formally repudiated ISIS. Apart from the
Cont ...P 51
Zarqawi was brash, abrasive and from a poor central leadership he focused on developing the
background, whereas Bin Laden was from a infrastructure necessary to enforce sharia law
wealthy background and did not feel the need to as a state. Zarqawi was killed by a United States
always be on the front lines. airstrike in 2006.After the death of Zarqawi, AQI
was led by Abu Ayyub Al-Masri and then by Abu
After the 2003 invasion of Iraq by the Omar al-Baghdadi. The two were killed by a tank
United States, Zarqawi became prominent in shell in 2010.
the insurgency against American forces there.
In particular he was known for his ferocity and However in 2006, the group changed its
personal brutality as well as for his battlefield name to the Islamic State in Iraq (ISI), signaling its
successes. His personal hatred for Shiites is well intention to focus on conquering Iraqi territory as
documented and remains an integral part of a means of creating a sharia-based state there. The
Islamic State ideology. Among JTWJ’s high profile group concentrated its efforts on gaining territory
terrorist attacks were an August 2003 attack in the desert region of Anbar province, where
on the UN Compound in Baghdad that killed discontent among the Sunni population was rife.
22, including UN Special Representative Sergio However their brutal attempts to enforce sharia
Vieira de Mello, then considered the most likely law turned the local population against them.
successor to UN Secretary General Kofi Annan. Supported by American forces, tribal militias
In February 2004 the group killed 150 people in called Sahwat al-Anbar (Anbar Awakening), or
simultaneous attacks in Baghdad and the Shiite alternatively Abna al-Iraq (Sons of Iraq), pushed
holy city of Karbala during the Ashura festival. ISI out of Fallujah and the rest of Anbar in bloody
Zarqawi was also known for personally carrying fighting. Founded in 2005, Sahwat al-Anbar
out beheadings, such as those of hostages Eugene supported the American troop surge of 2007 and
Armstrong (American), Jack Hensley (American) were able to all but defeat ISI. Following victory,
and Kenneth Bigley (British) in September 2004. they were not integrated into the Iraqi military by
the Shiite Prime Minister NourialMaliki, instead
In 2004 JTWJ formally became an Al- being targeted as a potential threat to Shiite
Qaeda affiliate when Zarqawi performed bay’ah, majority rule.
the oath of fealty, to Bin Laden. The group
changed its name to Al-Qaeda in the Land of Many of them have now joined the Islamic
the Two Rivers (the Tigris and the Euphrates). StateIn 2010, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi took over
It was more commonly known as AlQaeda in ISI after the deaths of al-Masri and the previous
Iraq, or AQI. Al-Qaeda in Iraq built up its own al-Baghdadi. He was able to rebuild some of
network of supporters and fighters during the the popular support that had been lost under
Iraq insurgency. the group’s two earlier leaders. He also began
to develop the organization’strength and stage
Although it was technically subordinate a comeback with his expansion into the Syrian
toAl-Qaedacentral,inpracticeitwasautonomous Civil War in 2013, renaming the organization the
and able to develop its own ultraviolent brand Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (or the Islamic State
of jihad. This created a generational difference in Iraq and Levant – ISIL). Baghdadi’s decision
between jihadists more aligned with Osama Bin to move into Syria provoked friction with Al-
Laden who fought in Afghanistan and those who Qaeda’s official affiliate in Syria, Jabhat Al-Nusra.
fought with Zarqawi in Iraq, such as current Baghdadi attempted to take overJabhat Al-Nusra,
Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. prompting rebuke from Nusra’s leader and Al-
Qaeda central command. After multiple failed
In 2006, Zarqawi subsumed several attempts at mediation by various leading sheikhs
smaller Iraqi jihadi factions under AQI leadership in the global jihadist community, the two groups
under the banner of MajlisShura al-Mujahedin split permanently when the leader of AlQaeda
(MSM). Under the guidance of Al-Qaeda’s central formally repudiated ISIS. Apart from the
Cont ...P 51
